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Cost-utility models sit at the centre of economic evidence development for access, providing a structured way to compare the additional costs and health benefits of new interventions with those of established alternatives.

The HAS’s structured approach to economic evaluation follows a robust process to ensure transparency, efficiency, and equity in healthcare decision-making. By integrating rigorous analyses with stakeholder engagement, the process balances cost-effectiveness with patient access to innovative treatments. This comprehensive methodology supports the long-term sustainability of the healthcare system while maintaining its commitment to high-quality patient care.

Epidemiology, burden of disease and patient-flow models form the quantitative foundation of economic evidence in access. They translate fragmented data on disease frequency, severity and care pathways into structured estimates of how many patients are affected, how they move through the health system and what resources they consume.

France requests economic evidence to be assessed by the Economic and Public Health Evaluation Committee (Commission d’évaluation économique et de santé publique, CEESP) only for selected health technologies, mainly those presented as offering high added clinical value and likely to affect public spending.

The Health Economics Methods Advisory (HEMA) is a collaborative initiative established to enhance the evaluation methods used in health technology assessments (HTAs). It brings together experts three health technology assessment agencies to critically assess and refine health economic methodologies.

The French Health Technology Assessment (HTA) process, overseen by the French National Authority for Health (Haute Autorité de Santé, HAS), is a comprehensive evaluation system designed to assess the medical, economic, and public health value of pharmaceuticals. This process informs decisions regarding the reimbursement and pricing of medications within the French healthcare system.

In NICE’s Single Technology Appraisal (STA) process, health economic modelling plays a central role in the appraisal of the technology for its future adoption by NHS England. We provide an overview of NICE's requirements for the health economic modelling process.