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The Beneluxa Initiative on Pharmaceutical Policy is a multi-country horizon scanning, HTA and pricing and reimbursement collaboration between Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Austria and Ireland.

The Gulf Committee for Pharmaceutical Pricing is the Gulf Health Council’s forum that coordinates medicine list prices across the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states. It meets regularly, reviews company price files for innovative and generic products, and issues outcomes that member states implement through national circulars and lists.

International reference pricing is a method used in most European health systems and in an increasing number of markets globally, in which a country sets or negotiates the price of a medicine by comparing it with prices in a defined basket of other countries.

The Nordic Pharmaceutical Forum (NLF/NPF) is a voluntary collaboration among the five Nordic countries to improve timely, affordable access to medicines and strengthen security of supply.

The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Pharmaceutical Procurement Service is the pooled purchasing mechanism that aggregates demand for medicines and medical supplies across OECS member and associate member states to improve affordability, quality and availability.

Patient Access Schemes in England aim to improve the affordability and accessibility of high-cost treatments provided to NHS England patients, especially those treatments that may not initially meet cost-effectiveness standards set by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).

Patient Access Schemes in Scotland are specialised arrangements between pharmaceutical companies and NHS Scotland, designed to enhance the cost-effectiveness of new medicines.

Pricing frameworks are structured approaches that define how manufacturers establish, defend and adjust prices for new and existing medicines across national health systems.

Pricing research techniques are used to examine how payers, prescribers and, in some cases, patients say they would respond to different prices and contracting structures. They sit alongside clinical evidence and economic models, and are usually implemented as surveys or interviews that elicit stated preferences and willingness to pay.

The elements of a pharmaceutical company's Patient Access Scheme proposal to NHS Scotland, required to facilitate thorough evaluation by the Patient Access Scheme Assessment Group and the Scottish Medicines Consortium.

When a pharmaceutical manufacturer intends to introduce a new branded medicine to the UK market, a structured process must be followed to set the price before the medicine is launched. This ensures that the price is acceptable for the National Health Service (NHS) and aligns with the broader health system's financial sustainability and patient access objectives.

The statutory scheme for branded medicines pricing is an alternative to the VPAG voluntary scheme, allowing companies to opt out if they choose while aiming to achieve equivalence in the rebates paid on pharmaceutical sales revenue.

The price of medicines and other life science products is negotiated by the manufacturer with the Economic Committee for Health Products (Comité Économique des Produits de Santé, CEPS). CEPS is a French interministerial body operating under the joint authority of the Ministers responsible for health, social security, and the economy. Its primary mandate is to set the prices of reimbursable health products, including medications and medical devices, ensuring a balance between patient access and the financial sustainability of the healthcare system.

The Visegrad Group’s ‘Fair and Affordable Pricing’ collaboration was a ministerial-level initiative among the V4 countries - Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia - set up in 2017 but no longer active and designed to improve access to medicines by coordinating information-sharing and exploring joint steps on pricing and reimbursement.

The Voluntary Scheme for Branded Medicines Pricing, Access, and Growth (VPAG) sets out how the prices for the majority of branded pharmaceuticals are controlled in the UK. The process applies across all four member nations and it allows manufacturers to freely set the list price of medicines, but with measures to contain NHS pharmaceutical spending.